150中央集权废分封,大业初建修驰道。(1 / 2)

吕氏天下 绝冷无泪 1517 字 2022-04-20

上回说到嬴政该‘王’为‘皇帝’,并自称‘始皇帝’意为将要让后代子孙们将他辛苦创立的大秦帝国一世一世的传承下去,一直传承到万万世!

而为了有效地管理国家,也为了替子孙万代奠定基业,秦始皇吸取了战国时期设置官职的具体经验,建立了一套相当完整的中央集权制度和政权机构。

中央设丞相、太尉、御史大夫。丞相有左右二员,是百官之首,掌政事。太尉掌军事,不常置。御史大夫是丞相的副贰,掌图籍秘书,监察百官。

丞相、太尉、御史大夫以下,是分掌具体政务的诸卿,其中有掌宫殿掖门户的郎中令,掌宫门卫屯兵的卫尉,掌京畿警卫的中尉,掌刑辟的廷尉,掌谷货的治粟内史,掌山海池泽之税和官府手工业制造以供应皇室的少府,掌治宫室的将作少府,掌国内民族事务和外事的典客,掌宗庙礼仪的奉常,掌皇室属籍的宗正,掌舆马的太仆等。丞相、太尉、御史大夫与诸卿议论政务,皇帝作裁决。

在此之外,秦国还设立有一些比较重要的官职,比如秦国的博士(博士生?)—“掌通古今”,即通晓古今史以备皇帝咨询,同时负责图书收藏;

秦典属国——与典客一样主管少数民族事务,不同的是典客掌管与秦友好的少数民族的交往,而典属国则负责已投降秦朝的少数民族;

秦詹事——管理皇后和太子的事务。秦王朝建立的这套中央集权机构的政权机构,以后一直被历代王朝所仿效。其中汉代的“三公九卿”,也基本上是照搬秦制。

郡和县都是行政区划的名称,春秋时已经出现,原先县大于郡,战国时郡大于县。秦始皇帝二十六年(前二二一),四海统一,天下初定。大臣王绾等以“燕、齐、荆地远,不为置王,毋以镇之,请立诸子”。始皇将此议交群臣讨论,群臣皆附和王绾之说。

唯李斯列述自周文王、武王以来,分封子弟牙臣招致国家分裂、天子不能禁止的弊端,力主“置诸侯不做便”。秦始皇认定“天下共苦战斗不休,以有王侯”,肯定了李斯的建议,断然决定废封建,行郡县。

于是分全国上郡、巴郡、汉中、蜀郡、河东、陇西、北地、南郡、黔中、南阳、上党、三川、太原、东郡、云中、雁门、颖川、邯郸、巨鹿、广阳、上谷、渔阳、右北平、辽西、砀郡、陈郡、泗水、孽郡、九江、辽东、代郡、会稽、闽中、长沙、临淄、琅邪等三十六郡。

(始皇三十三年,征服百越,增设南海、桂林、象郡。三十四年,夺漠北阴山以南地,增设九原郡,共置四十郡。郡设守、尉、监。掌守一郡政务,尉辅佐郡守并掌军事,监掌监察,直属御史大夫。郡下设县,县设令、长,主一县政务。)

万户以上者设令,万户以下者设长。县令、长领有丞、尉及其他属员。县令、长主要管政务,县尉掌握军事,县丞掌管司法。

县以下有乡,其主要职能有四:⒈摊派徭役;⒉征收田赋;⒊查证本乡被告案情;⒋参与对国家仓库粮食的保管工作。乡设三老掌教化,啬夫掌诉讼和赋税,游徼掌治安。

乡下有里,是最基层的行政单位。里有里典,后代称里正、里魁,以“豪帅”即强有力者为之。里中设置严密的什伍户籍组织,以便支派差役,收纳赋税。并规定互相监督告奸,一人犯罪,邻里连坐。

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